Click for links
Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is a powerful, selective oxidizing agent with a wide range of disinfection applications, particularly in medical and healthcare settings. It is known for its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and is used to sterilize hospital instruments, disinfect clinical environments, and reduce airborne pathogens. When vaporized, chlorine dioxide can sanitize entire rooms, including hard-to-reach surfaces, making it especially useful in infection control.
Unlike traditional chlorine disinfectants, chlorine dioxide does not produce harmful by-products like trihalomethanes (THMs) and is considered safer at low concentrations due to its reduced toxicity and residue.
One of the most controversial figures associated with chlorine dioxide is Jim Humble, a former gold prospector and self-proclaimed health researcher who promoted a solution called MMS (Miracle Mineral Solution), which is essentially a diluted form of chlorine dioxide. Humble claimed to have discovered its therapeutic effects in 1996 during an expedition in South America, where he reportedly used a sodium chlorite solution activated with citric acid to treat cases of malaria. According to Humble, those treated recovered quickly, which led him to further experiment with the compound for a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammation, and even chronic illnesses.
Humble’s work sparked widespread attention as well as criticism. He published several books, most notably The Miracle Mineral Solution of the 21st Century, in which he detailed case studies, proposed mechanisms of action, and a protocol for internal and external use of chlorine dioxide. He also founded the Genesis II Church of Health and Healing, which presented the use of MMS as a sacrament. Despite anecdotal reports of benefit, medical authorities and regulatory agencies—including the FDA, WHO, and CDC—have strongly warned against the internal use of chlorine dioxide, citing health risks such as nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and, in some cases, severe injury.
Nonetheless, the debate surrounding Jim Humble’s work has drawn attention to chlorine dioxide's potential applications and limitations. While his claims remain scientifically unverified and medically unsupported, especially regarding internal ingestion, his promotion of chlorine dioxide led to increased interest and informal experimentation by alternative medicine communities worldwide.
In summary, chlorine dioxide is a legitimate and highly effective disinfectant with valuable medical applications in sterilization and environmental hygiene. Its suppression as a legitimate treatment for a multitude of ailments and diseases will hopefully be explored and documented. Chlorine dioxide may hold even more promise in the health care sector in its ability to provide oxygen to the cells and microbiota, creating illness into wellness!
Aziz, Md. Tareq, Caroline O. Granger, John L. Ferry, and Susan D. Richardson. 2023. “High-Molecular-Weight By‑Products of Chlorine Disinfection.” Nature Water 1 (4): 336–47.
Chen, Haoran, Junjie Wang, Xiating Zhao, Yuting Wang, Zhijun Huang, and Tingting Gong. 2022. “Occurrence of Dissolved Black Carbon in Source Water and Disinfection By‑Products Formation during Chlorination.” .
Dang, Chenyuan, Zhenbing Wu, and Jie Fu. 2023. “Environmental Issues Caused by High‑Dose Disinfection Need Urgent Attention.” ACS Environmental Health 1 (1): 3–5.
Farré, Maria José, William A. Mitch, and Susan D. Richardson. 2024. “Synergetic Physical Damage and Chemical Oxidation for Highly Efficient and Residue‑Free Water Disinfection.” Nature Water (accepted Nov 28, 2024).
Li, C., et al. 2022. “Chlorine Disinfection Reduces the Exposure Risks of Inhaled Reclaimed Water.” Environmental Chemistry Letters.
Mitch, William A., Susan D. Richardson, Xiangru Zhang, and Michael Gonsior. 2023. “High‑Molecular‑Weight By‑Products of Chlorine Disinfection.” Nature Water 1 (4): 336–47.
Morales, M., et al. 2024. “Disinfectant Control in Drinking Water Networks via Hydraulic and Quality Modeling.” arXiv preprint.
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., M. B. Toledano, N. E. Eaton, et al. 2009. “Chlorination Disinfection By‑Products in Drinking Water and Congenital Anomalies: Review and Meta‑Analyses.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (10): 1506–17.
Osman, K., et al. 2022. “Occupational Health Effects of Chlorine Spraying in Healthcare Workers During COVID‑19.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22 (6): 942.
Richardson, Susan D., and Michael J. Plewa. 2025. “Unravelling High‑Molecular‑Weight DBP Toxicity Drivers in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water: Effect‑Directed Analysis.” Environmental Science & Technology 59 (2): 18788–800.
Shatkin, James A. 2004. “Safety of Chlorine Production and Chlorination Processes.” ACS Chemical Health & Safety.
Smith, Alan J. R., Richard York, Dušan Uhrín, and Nicholle G. A. Bell. 2022. “High Molecular‑Weight Disinfection By‑Products from Chlorination.” Environmental Science & Technology.
Stroud, C., and H. B. Ramasamy. 2022. “Chlorine Gas Toxicity.” StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf).
The National Academies Press. n.d. “III. The Chemistry of Disinfectants in Water: Reactions and Products.” In Drinking Water and Health, vol. 2.
Wang, J., et al. 2024. “Manganese Oxide‑Functionalized Graphene Sponge Electrodes for Chlorine‑Free Disinfection.” arXiv preprint.
Wang, Y., et al. 2023. “High‑Molecular‑Weight Organics as Precursors for Toxic Iodinated Disinfection By‑Products during Chloramination.” Environmental Science & Technology.
Zhang, J., S. Qu, R. Yu, et al. 2024. “Simultaneous Time‑Resolved Inorganic Haloamine Measurements Enable Analysis of Disinfectant Degradation Kinetics and By‑Product Formation.” Nature Water.

